Lgbtq Youth And Its Impact On The Community Essay

It’s very likely that LGBTQ youth are not able to get the help in school which causes them to have low self-esteem, not show up to school, and even engage in risky behavior. School psychologists must provide services for their entire student body and that includes youth apart of the LGBTQ community. Regardless of what their beliefs are it’s important that they give LGBTQ youth the support that they need and also help them work towards a positive identity while going the process of coming out. To assist LGBTQ youth with the decision of coming out, school therapists must create an environment that is conducive to trust, provide resources that will educate and foster empathy, and great care must be given to the type of therapy. School psychologists must help create and foster an environment that educates administrators, teachers, and non LGBT students. Many lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, and transgender youth do not feel safe in school. Sexual minority students may suffer harassment (verbal and/or physical) from teachers and peers. As a result, they may experience more absences than heterosexual students. In addition, LGBT youth may turn to drugs and alcohol as a means of coping with the stressful school environment (Patterson 2013, p.192). Many will contemplate or even commit suicide. School counselors and psychologists must be knowledgeable and competent regarding the issues and needs of their LGBT students. The APA Ethical Code 2.01(b) requires, â€Å"an understanding of factorsShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Same Sex Love And Homosexual Activity1484 Words   |  6 Pagesmajority of schools leave out is the LGBTQ community. Many people might not even know what LGBTQ stands for due to lack of recognition for this specific group of people. LGBTQ represents the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning society. Society has found a way to shun this group, giving them little recognition and a lot of judgment. From the second children start school all the way till they graduate, students are not taught about this community. This is causing prejudice against thisRead MoreCreating A Safe Environment For Lgbtq Youth In Schools.1340 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironment for LGBTQ Youth in Schools Introduction Over decades, research has been devoted to many issues related to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth (Dragowski, McCabe, Rubinson, 2016, p 127). This essay presents a literature review examining research conducted on different aspects of the LGBTQ youth. The review was conducted using key terms of â€Å"LGBTQ youth†, â€Å"bullying,† and â€Å"school safety.† Findings presented in the study cross the topics of how KGBTQ youth struggleRead MoreTeenage Suicide On The Rise Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagesclose friends refused to sit with him at lunch. Later that year, James Rodemeyer committed suicide.This case is just one of many where an adolescent feels that their is no other solution than to end their life. It is estimated that, 42% of LGBT of youth have experienced bullying, and they are two to three times more likely to attempt suicide than other teens (BullyingStatistics.org, 2016). It’s very hard in this day and age to be young, and let alone to be young and identify as lesbian, gay, bi orRead MoreLgbtq Behavior And Its Effects On Children Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesLGBTQ people have to overcome education, employment, health, legal, and safety obstacles and discrimination throughout their lives. LGBTQ are likely to have low life satisfaction, low self-esteem, low mental health, housing issues, body image/ eating issues and low trust in intimate relationships. LGBTQ are also likely to increase chances of depression, increase substance abuse, homelessness, and increase changes of suicide based on their sexual orientation. LGBTQ experience negative health issuesRead MoreEvaluation Of The Article Program Evaluation Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesthe differences of opinions between stakeholders. For example, there are minimum amount of programs for youth in foster care as the child welfare system is leaning more toward stabilizing the home or placing you th in foster homes. Congregate providers would have a difference of opinion from the child welfare system as one may think on solution is beneficial than the other. In discussing the impact of this study, the conclusion social work practice is program evaluations are a way to assess the agenciesRead MoreLgbt, Lesbian, Bisexual, And Queer Identified ( Lgbtq ) Runaway And Homeless Youth1416 Words   |  6 PagesBisexual transgender, and queer identified (LGBTQ) runaway and homeless youth are of the most vulnerable groups in this country. Homelessness, particularly among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender, queer youth is an enduring example of a social problem in our society. The LGBTQ youth faces an increasing number of challenges. In disclosing their sexual orientation family conflict arises and plays a huge role in the issue of homelessness among the LGBTQ youth. They face forms of stigma and marginalizationRead MoreDiscrimination Towards The Lgbtq Community1483 Words   |  6 PagesCarolyn Kasper Mrs. Gallos English 3 6 April 2017 Discrimination Towards the LGBTQ Community We as a society are not doing enough to end the discrimination in the LGBTQ ( Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer) community . There is no reason to discriminate someone for what they do behind closed doors and they should keep their negative words and actions to themselves. No one no matter what they believe in should be discriminated against. Just because someone who is attracted to the sameRead MoreQuestioning The Disorderly1484 Words   |  6 PagesDisorderly Each year, 5000 LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning) youth end their lives because they don’t have the acceptance they deserve. The LGBTQ+ community faces more discrimination, such as hate crimes, bullying and unnecessary judgement, than the average straight or cis-gender person, making it more difficult to cope with mental illness and achieve the American Dream. The American Dream is slightly tainted for those in the LGBTQ+ community, and suffering from a mentalRead MoreThe Debate Over Same Sex Marriage1682 Words   |  7 Pageswill be looking at the impact legalization of same-sex marriage has on relationship length and satisfaction for same-sex couples versus length and satisfactions in states without same-sex marriage. The American Psychological Association has been one of the leading organizations in the fight for marriage equality. Previous research, done by Rostosky et. al., provides information regarding the APA’s attempts, in 2004, to highlight how such inequalities can negatively impact a persons mental healthRead MoreA Brief Note On The, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, And Queer Essay1061 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment One – Microaggressions. The LGBTQ –[ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer]- community experience micro-aggressions on a daily basis and have been doing so for a very long time. There has always have been aura of negativity and aggression that surrounded them. It used to be expressed in the similar way Old-fashion racism was, with the intent to cause harm. Now in modern times micro-aggressions are used against to degrade LGBTQ members more than anything else. Micro-aggressions

The Issue Of Marriage And Divorce - 1490 Words

Marriage and divorce has always been a tricky subject for many couples, the fear of rejection, starting a family or hurting their other counterpart can come to play in many situations throughout their relationship. Traditionally marriages were known to be a sacred bond between two individuals. This bond can be between two heterosexuals or two individuals of the same sex. On May 17th, 2004 Massachusetts became the first state to allow all same-sex marriages (Dinno 2013). In Canada same-sex marriages became legalized in 2005 unlike the United States who is yet to make it nationwide (Pierceson, 2014). Now ‘Till death do us part’ does not seem to be the only way individuals have been detaching themselves from their marriage vows. Originally†¦show more content†¦Many couples concern themselves with how strong their marriage is. The Olson’s predicted strong marriages to be identified in ten categories; communication, flexibility, closeness, personality issues, conflict resolution, sexual relationship, leisure activities, family and friends, financial management and spiritual beliefs. A study done by Pillemer showed that 85% of women in the United States stated to have a satisfying marriage (Assodeh, 2010). In the United States, 56% of adults were married or living with their significant other in 2003. Studies from the National Longitudinal Mortality showed that non-married individuals have an elevated risk of mortality than those who are married or living with their spouse. Causes of mortality included cardiovascular diseases, cancer, pneumonia, influenza, obstructive pulmonary disease and liver disease. Statistically men had a higher protection rate of 205% compared to woman at 50% (Robles, 2003). Researches have conducted a series of studies to pin point the exact factors that insist well-being and health among married couples (Robles, 2003). Married individuals have reported their health to in greater shape compared to many unmarried i ndividuals who report to have more health aliments and mental health issues (Dinno, 2013). They found that a combination of cohabitation,

7 Reasons to Celebrate Your Favorite Teacher

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) instituted World Teacher Day on October 5. However, many countries observe Teacher Day celebrations independently. In America, students celebrate  Teacher Appreciation Week  in the first full week of May. In that week, Teacher Appreciation Day is celebrated on Tuesday. How You Can Celebrate Teacher Day On Teachers Day, students express their gratitude and  appreciation  to their teachers. Many educational institutes commemorate Teacher Day with elaborate entertainment activities that include short plays,  dance,  and music. Parent volunteers and Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) members often host a small celebration party for the teachers. As a student, you can put up banners, and posters with  a thank you note  scribbled on them. Express your appreciation through  thank you cards. 7 Reasons to Appreciate Teachers A Teachers Influence Lasts Forever: In the words of William Butler Yeats, Education is not the filling of a pail but the lighting of a fire. We must credit our teachers who ignite the fire of learning in the mind that is yearning for knowledge. Someone once said, Teachers dont impact for a year, but for a lifetime. A teacher can make a lasting impression on your mind. This influence persists beyond school, college, and university, and becomes the beacon of light, guiding us through the journey of life. Good teachers play the role of a parent, providing encouragement, inspiration, and invaluable guidance.Teaching Is Not Easy: Not everyone can be a teacher. Sure, you can pursue teaching programs to gain the necessary certification to be a teacher. But a good teacher has to have certain qualities to be an icon of inspiration. Great teachers are those who can extract the nectar of goodness from young aspirants. They can fish out the hidden qualities of every student. With words of inspir ation, persistent training, and rigid discipline, they steer the students in the right direction. Great teachers teach the student to believe that nothing is impossible.Teachers Impact Many Generations:  Everyone has a favorite teacher. You may love this special teacher for her charisma, enthusiasm, or knowledge. Often, your best memories of childhood revolve around a great teacher, who inspired and changed your life. Their words  or actions linger in your memory decades after you leave school. Subconsciously, you emulate them as you pass on your knowledge to the next generation. Thus, a great teachers influence can last for many generations.Teaching Self-Reliance: By setting the right example, a teacher can impress the importance of self-reliance, instead of expecting help from others. This can teach students to build on their strengths and be responsible for their successes and failures. Students can learn to push their limits.Teachers Teach You to Seek Knowledge:  You may h ave come across some teachers who instilled value education in you. This kind of education can mold a human being for life. Teachers bear an enormous responsibility of passing on their wisdom and knowledge. Italian astronomer and mathematician Galileo expressed, You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him discover it in himself. Good teachers help in enabling this discovery. They open new avenues  and encourage students to explore and achieve their true potential.The Best Teachers:  Recollect the good qualities of your favorite teachers. You may notice some common qualities. They motivated you to work harder, and take bigger initiatives. They are passionate about their subject and enjoyed teaching. Good teachers understand the importance of nurturing the love and thirst for knowledge. Some nuggets of their valuable advice remain with you forever. Their insight broadens your horizons and enables you to expand your knowledge.Teachers as Entertainers: Good teaching invol ves good delivery. African-American scholar and teacher John Henrik Clarke rightly said, A good teacher, like a good entertainer, first must hold his audiences attention; then he can teach his lesson. It is not enough to simply know your subject. To initiate learning, teachers have to make the classroom experience enriching. Appreciate Your Teachers Efforts With Gratitude Use this opportunity to get to know your teachers better. Share your thoughts and ideas and learn what inspires them. Make beautiful Teacher Day cards with  Happy Teacher Day quotes to express your admiration. One beautiful Teachers Day quote by Albert Einstein goes, It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge. Every Day Is Teacher Day Why wait for  Teacher Day to come around? You dont need a special occasion to express your affection towards your teacher. Make each day of your teachers life special with thoughtful words and deeds. A first-grade teacher is pleased as punch whenever she gets a hand-made card from one of her students. Overlooking the spelling mistakes and scrawny handwriting, she says that it is the thought that counts. Your Success Is Your Teachers Success A teacher considers herself successful when her students achieve success in their respective careers. For her, the only reward is your advancement. On Teachers Day, pay a visit to your alma mater, and meet the teachers who molded you. You will be surprised to find that they remember you, even though many years have rolled by. Your visit might bring tears of joy to their eyes. Express your appreciation by writing a personalized message. It is the best gift you could ever give your teachers.

The Public Administration Advisory Committee - 1802 Words

The UIC Public Administration Advisory Committee has assigned Aida Demirovic and Miguel Mosqueda with three tasks (1) creating an engagement alumni plan, (2) incorporating hands-on work experience throughout the program, and (3) increasing curriculum focus to include data analysis and project management. In order to conduct an extensive and in-depth analysis of the three tasks, the team took several approaches. In regard to alumni engagement the team assembled two focus groups. The focus group was chosen for its rich answers and immediate results. The results and analysis will be discussed in the rest of the paper. In regard to hands-on work experience, the team created side-by-side comparison of the top five competing institutions, and†¦show more content†¦While the volume of participants was lower than that of an electronic survey the content was much greater. The only criteria the participants had to meet was that they were alumni or within their last semester of graduati on. The questioner was created by our team, approved by our contact, and looked over by the UIC research lab. Our initial focus group was conduced by October 30th, 2014. This focus group was led by the team and consisted of two male and two female alums of the program. Of the four participants three had concentrated on financial management. One participant had created their concentration with department approval. Of the four participants want double majored in Local government. All of the participants had graduates in either 2013 or 2014. Data to follow. Second focus group to be conducted November 10th, 2014. Data to follow. Hands On Work Experience The UIC Department of Public Administration, with the work from a prior Capstone Team SWAT analysis, identified past and current students want more hands on work experience prior to graduating. In order to ascertain if assisting students obtain more work experience is a feasible project, we have researched the top five competitor programs as identified by the previous capstone team to see if they have or require work experience to graduate. They are as follows and in no specific order: 1. DePaul University 2.Loyola University

Steve Jobs Personality Free Essays

Type Today marks part four of our 16 part series exploring the sixteen Myers-Briggs Type Indicator@ test personality types and related notable Celebrity figures throughout time. Previously we examined Celebrity John D Rockefeller and the AMBIT@ test EST] personality type. This week we examine the SITS (Introversion-sensing-Thinking- Perceiving) and the late great mastermind behind the â€Å"Apple†, Steve Jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Steve Jobs Personality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most people remember Steve Jobs as the co-founder and CEO of Apple Inc and Paxar Inc. Steve Jobs was also an individual that mastered his AMBIT type, the SITS, allowing him o excel in a unique position in his industry that lead to technical advancements that we often take for granted in this day of age. Like many Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Introverts who prefer thinking and sensing, Steve Jobs used his preferences primarily internally to analyze the data he gathered in an organized fashion much like the computers he helped develop. He was able to detach and objectively criticize the projects he worked on. This sometimes insensitive approach to problems was a double edged sword that lead to Jobs being fired from Apple in 1985 after losing a rower struggle with Apple’s board of directors. Fortunately, Steve Jobs didn’t give up, and utilized his Perceiving preference to remain flexible and spontaneous in his approach to work. He acquired the computer graphics division from Localisms and turned it into the critically and financially acclaimed Paxar Studios. He also started up NeXT Inc. That was acquired by Apple Inc. In 1996, and over the next four years Steve Jobs ascended to CEO of Apple bringing him full circle with the company. img class="aligncenter wp-image-34532 " src="https://donemyessay.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/101576653-Steve-jobs-illustration.1910x1000-1024x536.jpg" alt="Steve Jobs " width="764" height="400" / Steve Jobs also showcased how SITS types focus on efficiently working on projects and was a rim believer in doing only what was needed with the least amount of fuss. Efficiency and innovation were key focus points throughout his career. You can see this today in the products that Apple releases. From the mimic, to the pod, to the phone, all three are innovations which are streamlined, clean, and efficient products that attract a full spectrum of customers. Apple produces a set amount of products that are mass produced for cost efficiency and quality control. This has allowed Apple to control the image of all the products they produce unlike open sourced platforms like he PC. This did not come without risk as many manufacturers looked down on Apple for their lack of flexibility in the ass’s but it is that exact mentality of adaptable, action- orientated risk taking that is synonymous with SITS personality types. Not many people got to know the man behind the keynote speeches closely while he was alive. This is something that is common with Introverts. Most accounts were from people that worked for Steve Jobs. At one point Fortune named Steve Jobs â€Å"one of Silicon Valleys leading egomaniacs. He was also known as a demanding perfectionist, but that was a side effect of the extreme SITS preference that is often seen as confident, independent, and self-determined. Steve Jobs set the bar high and worked until the very end to meet those standards. In the end Jobs did things his own way. Through his successes and failures he changed the technical landscape forever and showed what a motivated SITS can achieve. – See more at: http://carcinogenicity’s. Com/ assessments/ambit/965-celebrity-personality-type-Steve-Jobs/#stash. Qwerty. Duff Ambit By Shabby How to cite Steve Jobs Personality, Papers

Comparative Analysis of Credit Institutions †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Comparative Analysis of Credit Institutions. Answer: Introduction: A credit institution is an official chartered institution that receives deposits, provide savings and checking accounts, and provide loans among other services. This paper will research credit institutions in providing credit. Many people or firms take loans to finance their businesses to do major projects, credit institution has been to their rescue in providing them with this funds and paying later at a profit (Crouhy et al, 200). Before getting credit from the credit institutions, some documents must be filled, and collateral is taken to the bank. The amount of money, which can be loaned to the individual, depends on the value of the collateral When there is breach in contract by the borrower, the credit institution with the help of law has the right to take the collateral that is of the same value as the credit given and trade it to compensate for the loss. Credit institutions have been of great benefit to small businesses and the government since it contributes to the development of economy by funding entrepreneurs to start their own business (Mosley Hulme, 2006). Therefore, this paper will analyze credit institutions in the provision of credit. Provision of credit has widely been considered as one of the most important sources of finance for most people in the world at large. Greater populations in the country both in the rural and urban areas acquire credit from various credit institutions to facilitate their developmental activities (Muldrew, 2016). Loans help increase family income and therefore help the less fortune collect their capital funds and therefore enable them to invest in activities that generate employment With the growing population and an increasing lack of employment, more people acquire loans to fund their entrepreneurial projects. However, financial institutions such as commercial banks are reluctant when it comes to catering to the needs of small lenders as per their lending terms and conditions (Chaibi and Ftiti, 2015). There is a myth in financial institutions that it is almost impossible to loan the poor as they cannot present the required security or collateral and therefore considered as un-creditworthy In accordance with some survey (Leone and Porretta, 2014), most people are withdrawing from SACCOS, and this begs for the question, what is happening with the provision of credit in SACCOS now that was not earlier before. This is in line with the fact that in the recent past years, SACCOS were considered the best in the provision of credit Alongside formal financial institutions, Informal financial institutions have also embraced financial transactions relating to the provision of credit in many countries Knowledge acquired after informal finance indicates that most of the rural poor, a good example being women, in most get better access to the informal credit facilities as compared to the formal sources. This has also been proven as per the reports obtained from the surveys of credit the markets. This, in turn, leads to the question: Why have informal financial institutions succeeded even in circumstances where formal institutions have failed? Another credit institution that has grown over time is the category of microfinance institutions. One of their main features is that they do have a large number of clients regardless of the fact that their total asset base is so small as compared to the traditional financial institutions. They provide credit to the less fortunate who do not have or have little collateral and in most cases possess minimal business experience (Tang Guo, 2017). Another feature is that they hold loan portfolios that are poorly diversified since their target households tend to come from the same region and furthermore often practice similar activities. This situation makes the MFIs operate under information asymmetry among there borrowers and as subjects of high default risk. It is therefore evident that there is a huge disparity in the provision of credit between both the formal and informal institutions in general. This study will be aimed at analyzing these variations and their roles in access s and provision of credit to individuals. The findings of this study will reveal the shortcomings of the policy used by credit institutions thus important in policymaking. It will determine places that should be emphasized and corrected The study is also of significant value especially at the time when most people were considering taking loans from credit institutions but failed to understand the regulations. This mainly focused on the ordinary human beings who are speculating enjoying credit facilities. The study is also of assistance to the existing credit institutions. Since most of the institutions are competitors for the same market, they were able to gauge what competitive edge one institution had from the other. Business discipline and academic areas related to the research The research report is related to many disciplines like finance, business management, accounting, human resource, marketing among others. It is related to finance, accounting, actuarial, statistic and economics such that bank rates are used by the financial manager to calculate the probability of the company getting loss or gain if they borrow given amount (Siqueira et al, 2016). Sales and marketing people use the research topic to see the area of influence and to advise their clients. This chapter will help to review the existing literature based on credit institutions and provision of credit. It mainly focuses on the features of these institutions and how the differences affect the mentality of lenders, which in turn generates to how they are viewed regarding the provision of credit. This chapter also forms the basis for which a conceptual framework will be done later on. A lot of research work has tried to outline the various functions of credit institutions. Theoretical analysis majorly bases their arguments on the informal sector. According to Amaral and Quintin (2006), there are four major approaches used by informal institutions for providing credit. These approaches include lending to individuals, incorporated credit models, lending to community-based businesses and group-based minimalists credit systems. As per the minimalist approach, there is the provision of credit even without any form of support. The group-based approach tends to use already formed groups that are in existence or newly formed ones. The functionality of this approach is based on the principle that entrepreneurs view credit as one of the important things in putting a business. According to this approach, credit is offered to small groups that guarantee the loans provided to their members (Amaral and Quintin, 2006). The members need to make a weekly contribution to a joined account baring the name of the group. This account acts as a loan guarantee fund and as a saving account for every member. The members are allowed to receive another loan only after they have paid the first loan. This, therefore, ensures responsibility of the members. In the integrated model, there is a combination of credit with technical assistance and training (Amaral and Quintin, 2006). Individuals who require loans interact directly with the loan officers. Before any loan is granted, there have to be either one or two guarantors who will guarantee the loan. The funds used in training and offering technical assistance makes this approach expensive. Provision of financial services Provision of credit by financial institutions is normally viewed as one of the restrictions limiting their gain from borrowers. Most credit institutions, especially the formal financial institutions prohibit the problem of accessibility, which is displayed in the form of complicated application procedures, prearranged minimum loan amounts and restrictions put on credits obtained for specific purposes (Demirg-Kunt Singer, 2017). More problems occur on the side of borrowers who are smallholders and poor. The requirements such as collateral tend to stand in their way, which should be the case. As long as there are proper procedures for disbursement, proper supervision and repayment dates have been established; the poor will be able to obtain loans and repay them. Moreover putting high-interest rates on credits, helps discourage the influential non-targeted credit program. This clearly indicates the necessity to build up appropriate institutions that will conveniently provide the small-scale borrowers with loans (Coleman, 2016). Microfinance institutions, on the other hand, put in place more lenient policies on the provision of credit, which have been an added advantage to them. Microfinance institutions attempt to overcome problems of contract enforcement and imperfect information (Martinez-Sola et al., 2014). This is through the development of non-traditional mechanisms that are necessary for screening applicants, monitoring borrowers actions and the creation of incentives to repay. Traditionally, microfinance institutions have depended on donor funds, and subsidies as raising funds on the commercial basis have rendered difficult. Because of these irregularities, one wonders whether these institutions should be regulated (Demirg-Kunt Singer, 2017). Credit institutions have been characterized by their varying ways of providing credit to borrowers. The informal institutions mainly show the inability to satisfy the existing demand especially in the rural areas that is their main target. According to Straub (2005), the small size of resource controlled by the informal sector has been the main reason for its inability while the difficulty in administration of loan like risk of default, monitoring and screening and high cost of transaction has affected formal sector. Both formal and informal institutions exhibit certain similarities. These similarities relate to their mode of penalties. When the formal contract enforcement mechanism is missing, the informal and formal institution resort to borrowing practices that uses loan screening instead of monitoring that appears to propose more concern with contrary selection than moral hazard. The differences only appear in method employed by these institutions (Coleman, 2016). Formal institution uses project screening while the informal institution checks on the reputation of the borrower. They rely on history and character of the borrower. Informal institutions rarely undertake loan monitoring since they know borrowers as opposed to formal institutions, which are because of lack of facilities (Martinez-sola et al., 2014). Another difference that emerges in characteristics of credit institutions is that transaction costs are lower in informal institutions as compared to formal institutions. Most financial institutions serve as financial intermediaries. These financial institutions based on their primary sources of funds and how they use these funds. The institutions are depository institutions known as banks, investment intermediaries, and contractual savings institutions. The following explanation of the characteristics of each of these institutions has followed from the work. Linkages between formal and informal financial institutions Past literature has revealed that there are some linkages in credit institutions. These linkages mainly exist between the formal institutions and the informal institutions. The structure of formal credit institutions does not allow them to respond efficiently to the small farmers and individuals needs. This may be because of information asymmetry between the borrowers and the banks therefore hard for the bank to guarantee repayment. Furthermore, loans require security before it approved and granted (Islam, 2016). This, therefore, acts, as a limiting factor since small farmers and individuals may not be in a position to provide the required security, and in any case, they do it might not be in an acceptable form as required by formal financial institutions (Deville, 2015). Informal financial institutions are more open to short-term credit requirements as compared to the formal sector (Lane and McQuade, 2014). This, therefore, gives low-income individuals access to loans, which might be easily accessible in other institutions and sometimes at a lower cost. The linkages between these financial institutions in two ways; that is horizontal and vertical. Under horizontal view, the formal sector banks are allowed to be in direct competition with small-scale moneylenders in the provision of credit (Gough, 2017). On the other hand, vertical view allows formal lenders access the formal lending sources and be able to re-lend the borrowed funds. The literature review about past research has mainly focused on the differences portrayed by various credit institutions concerning their features and characteristics. This literature has also shown that credit institutions vary in their policies, for example, formal credit institutions mainly focus on loan screening and monitoring and place collateral as security while on the other hand informal credit institutions base their security on personal information about the loaner. Despite these variations, individuals still prefer certain institutions than others when securing loans and over the recent years, SACCOs have shown greater performance in the provision of credit. This study seeks to establish the added advantage some institutions have over others. Critical Analysis of a Text (e.g. what is my research question? why select this text? does the Critical Analysis of this text fit into my investigation with a wider focus? what is my constructive purpose in undertaking a Critical Analysis of this text?) My topic comparative analysis of credit institution in provision of credit and the research article has been able to answer the research questions like What variations were observed in provision of credit among credit institutions? How did those variations impact the performance of credit institutions and loaners at large? What criteria did credit institutions use while issuing credit to its customers. What type of literature is this? This is a research paper because it reports on steps and factors credit institutions consider before they issue out loans. It also tries to identify the linkage between formal and informal sectors in allocation of credit and finally the literature review shows the dependent and independent variables necessary for this research paper What sort of intellectual project for study is being undertaken? a) How clear is it which project the authors are undertaking? (e.g. knowledge-for-understanding, knowledge-for-critical evaluation, knowledge-for-action, instrumentalism, reflexive action?) b) How does the sort of project being undertaken affect the research questions addressed? (e.g. investigating what happens? what is wrong? how well does a particular policy or intervention work in practice?) What is being claimed? What are the main kinds of knowledge claim that the authors are making? (e.g. theoretical knowledge, research knowledge, practice knowledge?) How clear are the authors claims and overall argument? (e.g. stated in an abstract, introduction or conclusion? unclear?) With what degree of certainty do the authors make their claims? (e.g. do they indicate tentativeness? qualify their claims by acknowledging limitations of their evidence? acknowledge others counter-evidence? acknowledge that the situation may have changed since data collection?) How generalized are the authors claims to what range of phenomena are they claimed to apply? (e.g. the specific context from which the claims were derived? other similar contexts? a national system? a culture? universal? implicit? unspecified?) To what extent is there backing for claims? a) What, if any, range of sources is used to back the claims? (e.g. first hand experience? the authors own practice knowledge or research? literature about others practice knowledge or research? literature about reviews of practice knowledge or research? literature about others polemic?) If claims are at least partly based on the authors own research, how robust is the evidence? (e.g. is the range of sources adequate? are there methodological limitations or flaws in the methods employed? do they include cross-checking or triangulation of accounts? what is the sample size and is it large enough to support the claims being made? is there an adequately detailed account of data collection and analysis? is a summary given of all data reported?) How, if at all, could the authors have provided stronger backing for their claims? References Amaral, P.S. and Quintin, E., 2006. A competitive model of the informal sector. Journal of monetary Economics, 53(7), pp.1541-1553. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393206000821 Straub, S., 2005. Informal sector: the credit market channel. Journal of Development Economics, 78(2), pp.299-321. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387805000684 Chaibi, H. and Ftiti, Z., 2015. Credit risk determinants: Evidence from a cross-country study. Research in international business and finance, 33, pp.1-16. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0275531914000324 Coleman, W.D., 2016. Financial services, globalization and domestic policy change. Springer. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=dhe_DAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR9dq=Coleman,+W.D.,+2016.+Financial+services,+globalization+and+domestic+policy+change.+Springer.ots=N8XbAJawvmsig=DWCGQZ1Qe5cql-WShpOrR-36ldAredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Crouhy, M., Galai, D. and Mark, R., 2000. A comparative analysis of current credit risk models. Journal of Banking Finance, 24(1-2), pp.59-117. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378426699000539 Demirg-Kunt, A. and Singer, D., 2017. Financial inclusion and inclusive growth: a review of recent empirical evidence. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2958542 Deville, J., 2015. Lived economies of default: Consumer credit, debt collection and the capture of affect. Routledge. Available at: https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=cDuhBgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Deville,+J.,+2015.+Lived+economies+of+default:+Consumer+credit,+debt+collection+and+the+capture+of+affect.+Routledge.ots=E7jrWCd1Jssig=57GH2iNJpQU2oaeK2GPgyXahsFIredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Gough, I. 2017. Globalization and national welfare regimes: The East Asian case. In Social Security in the Global Village (pp. 63-82). Routledge. Islam, T., 2016. Microcredit and poverty alleviation. Routledge. Lane, P.R. and McQuade, P., 2014. Domestic credit growth and international capital flows. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 116(1), pp.218-252. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/sjoe.12038 Leone, P. and Porretta, P., 2014. Introduction. In Microcredit, Guarantee Funds in the Mediterranean (pp. 1-21). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137452993_1 Martnez-Sola, C., Garca-Teruel, P.J. and Martnez-Solano, P., 2014. Trade credit and SME profitability. Small Business Economics, 42(3), pp.561-577. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-013-9491-y Mosley, P. and Hulme, D., 2006. Finance against Poverty: Volume 2: Country Case Studies. Routledge. Retrieved from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134803781 Muldrew, C., 2016. The economy of obligation: the culture of credit and social relations in early modern England. Springer. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=Lz2_DAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR9dq=Muldrew,+C.,+2016.+The+economy+of+obligation:+the+culture+of+credit+and+social+relations+in+early+modern+England.+Springer.ots=jBG7JWcqRisig=w2LoACow3EKZtav2xTEVrhAf6M8redir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Siqueira, A.C.O., Webb, J.W. and Bruton, G.D., 2016. Informal entrepreneurship and industry conditions. 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Commercial Law Flow Charts and Notes free essay sample

You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour- Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question Donoghue v Stevenson Neighbour Principle: You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour- Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question Donoghue v Stevenson Reasonable Person Test individual action or failure to act as a reasonably prudent person would under similar circumstances, resulting in harm to another Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) Papatonakis v Australian Telecommunications Commission (1985) That it is appropriate for the negligent person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused This was stated in Section 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and is consistent with the case of Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak Other Tests: for a causal link to exist these elements must be satisfied: iii. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercial Law Flow Charts and Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Negligence was a necessary condition for the occurrence of the harm iv. That it is appropriate for the negligent person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused This was stated in Section 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and is consistent with the case of Adeels Palace.